When to Use Relative Weights Over Shapley

In this blog post, I explain why a newer method, relative weights is a good alternative to Shapley regression. Relative weights analysis is a heuristic method for estimating the relative weight of predictor variables in multiple regression. In some cases an analysis of relative weight should be used instead of Shapley regression. As relative weights analysis and Shapley regression give equivalent results, many of the reasons why relative weight analysis is preferred comes down to practical considerations. I'll discuss four reasons why you should consider using relative weights analysis over Shapley regression and then show you how to compute relative weights analysis in R.

Both methods give essentially equivalent results

The table below shows a typical example of the results from Shapley versus Relative Weights. The correlation between the two sets of scores is greater than 0.99. This is the norm, rather than a fluke. It is not obvious from the math how the two metrics are so similar, but they are. In fact, for models with two predictors, the two metrics have been proven to be identical.

	Shapley	Relative Importance Analysis
Fun	.035	.036
Worth what you pay for	.036	.037
Innovative	.034	.034
Good customer service	.029	.030
Stylish	.015	.013
Easy-to-use	.045	.046
High quality	.051	.051
High performance	.032	.031
Low prices	.002	.002

For a more thorough analysis of the differences between Shapley and Relative Importance Analysis, please see this blog post.

1. Relative Weights are much faster to compute

The main problem with Shapley regression is that the computational resources required to run an analysis grows exponentially with the number of predictor variables. Shapley has become accessible in recent years due to the rapid increase in computing power, allowing models with less than 15 variables to be computed within seconds. However, with each additional variable, the time required more than doubles. A model with 30 variables would take days to run on a decent desktop computer. While the time required to run Relative Importance Analysis also increases with the number of predictor variables, it does not do so exponentially. Consequently, a 30 variable model will run almost instantly on a modern computer.

The difference in computational time merits our concern. A model that takes hours or days to run only gets run once, or at most a few times. On the other hand, a model that can be run quickly, inevitably gets more carefully scrutinized.  Such additional scrutiny makes it practical to see how changes in the model impact results.

2. Relative Weights allows you to use as many variables as you want

The exponential growth in the time needed to run Shapley regression places a constraint on the number of predictor variables that can be included in a model. While the limit on the number of variables will vary based on your patience and computing resources, eventually adding more variables inevitably becomes unfeasible. The negligible computation time of Relative Importance Analysis for all model sizes that a researcher might sensibly consider, avoids the necessity of limiting the model size due to computational constraints.

3. Estimating significance without bootstrapping

You obtain the statistical significance of Shapley regression scores by running the method on bootstrapped data. This increases the time needed many times over, than when running a single model.  In the case of Shapley, an already slow method becomes even slower. Relative Weights is also amenable to bootstrapping, which will not be as computationally expensive as it is for Shapley. However, with Relative Weights, significance can be estimated without bootstrapping because an expression for their standard errors can be developed. Standard errors allow us to test whether the scores are significantly different from zero, which is a way of determining if predictor variables are contributing to the model.

4. Computing importance for other types of regression models

The derivation of Shapley regression relies on R²,  which indicates the proportion of variance in the outcome variable explained by the model (see here for a more detailed explanation or what r Squared is and 8 tips on interpreting R Squared). Other types of generalized linear models (GLMs), such as logistic and Poisson regression, have no equivalent to R². While you can jerry-rig pseudo-R²  statistics, an even bigger problem looms.  Most GLMs take much, much, longer to compute than linear regression. This means that the time taken increases, reducing the possible number of variables to include.

Computing Relative Weights in R

Wondering how to compute Relative Weights Analysis in R? The flipRegression package on GitHub contains an R function called Regression. This function refers to Relative Weights as Relative Importance to distinguish it from sampling weights (also supported by the package).  Referring to two different things as "weights" could otherwise result in confusion! The following code estimates the Relative Weights for a linear regression model.

[sourcecode language="r"]
library(flipRegression)
glm <- Regression(Q3 ~ Q4A + Q4B + Q4C + Q4D + Q4E + Q4F + Q4G + Q4H + Q4I,
output = "Relative Importance Analysis")
[/sourcecode]

 

The code below estimates the Relative Weights using an ordered logit model with sampling weights:

[sourcecode language="r"]
library(flipRegression)
glm <- Regression(Q3 ~ Q4A + Q4B + Q4C + Q4D + Q4E + Q4F + Q4G + Q4H + Q4I,
weights = wgt, type = "Ordered Logit", output = "Relative Importance Analysis")
[/sourcecode]

A Displayr document contains the relevant code from this example. Here you can explore it in a point-and-click environment for free! You can also upload different data sets if you wish. Additionally, you can access and manipulate the underlying R code if you like -  click on the output of the analysis, and select Properties > R CODE.